Regulation of relationships between heterogeneous farmers and an aquifer accounting for lag effects

Many environmental problems are due to damage caused by pollutants that accumulate with a time lag following their emission. In this study, we focus on nitrates used in agriculture, which can pollute groundwater many years after their initial application. A dynamic optimal control problem with heterogeneous farmers is proposed. The usual structural parameters such as the discount rate, the natural clearing rate and the lagged time interval between the occurrence of soil‐level pollution and the impact on groundwater are taken into account. We also examine pollution as caused by a continuous set of farms characterised by their individual performance index and by their individual marginal contribution to the pollution. The issue is further investigated by taking account of change in the information context, successively related to perfect information and to asymmetric information. As a result, when the delay between the spreading of N‐fertilizer and the impact on the aquifer increases, that is, the longer the lag, the steady‐state pollution stock and the steady‐state shadow price of the stock both increase. Moreover, we show that the optimal regulation may require a decreasing amount of fertilizer over time, even in the case of initial underpollution.     

黑土典型区有机质高光谱预测模型

土壤有机质(SOM)是鉴别土壤肥力的重要指标,是土壤肥力的物质基础,其含量预测模型研究对于土壤肥力评价、土壤碳库估算、土壤资源利用与保护具有重要意义。该文以黑龙江省黑土带典型区为例,采集区域土壤样本,基于有机质含量与土壤反射率的定量关系,对光谱反射率进行一阶微分和倒对数的处理,建立偏最小二乘法模型(PLSR)、一元线性回归模型和多元线性逐步回归模型。结果表明:(1)土壤有机质敏感波段位于650-750nm。(2)通过比较建模样本与检验样本的决定系数(R2)和均方根误差(RMSE)的大小,得到反射率和倒对数处理后的数据最优模型都为PLSR模型,一阶微分处理后的最优模型为多元线性逐步回归模型。(3)PLSR模型的建模效果优于回归模型,但其预测效果却并不理想。该研究将为改进土壤理化参数、遥感反演、土地质量评价等工作方法提供理论与技术支持。     

电厂主体工程项目对地下水环境的影响研究

以北方平原区某电厂为例,对地下水环境现状进行分析,确定了环境保护目标。根据污染物排放情况,确定了地下水环境污染指标,设定了源强,并采用Mod Flow三维水流模型和溶质运移模型预测电厂主体工程在事故条件下污染物的空间分布,对地下水环境产生的影响进行评价,提出了地下水环境保护措施和对策。     

我国畜禽养殖污染分区治理研究

随着我国畜禽养殖业的迅猛发展,畜禽养殖污染已经成为我国重要的污染源,威胁着我国的水环境和土壤环境等。文章利用我国各省畜禽养殖污染统计年鉴数据,依据各区的畜禽养殖污染总量压力、土地负荷压力和地表水负荷压力以及经济负荷压力等级对我国主要畜禽养殖污染区域特征进行了分析。结果表明,黄淮海地区为H-H-H-H型畜禽养殖污染区,是我国畜禽养殖污染压力最大的地区;青藏高原区为L-L-L-L型畜禽养殖污染区,是我国畜禽养殖污染压力最小的地区;东北区和东南区畜禽养殖污染压力也较大,分别为H-M-M-H型畜禽养殖污染区和H-H-L-M型畜禽养殖污染区;蒙新高原区和黄土高原区畜禽养殖污染压力中等,分别为H-M-M-H型畜禽养殖污染区和H-H-L-M型畜禽养殖污染区;西南山地区畜禽养殖污染压力中等偏低,为M-M-L-L型畜禽养殖污染区。基于上述研究,该文对各区畜禽养殖污染的分区环境治理提出了若干针对性建议。     

An analysis of the greenhouse gas emissions profile of airlines flying the Australian international market

International commercial flights (with the exception of flights between countries in European Union including Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein) are currently not subject to greenhouse gas emission reduction regulation. To formulate effective and efficiency policy to manage greenhouse gas emissions from air transport, policy makers need to determine the emissions profiles of all airlines currently flying into their country or region. In this paper, we use 2012 data on airlines' aircraft characteristics, passenger load and cargo load (obtained from statistics reported by Australian Government Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) to estimate the volume and carbon efficiency on each international route flying to and from Australia. This is the first study to use actual passenger and cargo load data to determine the greenhouse gas (specifically CO₂) efficiency of airlines operating in the Australian international aviation market. Airlines' CO₂ emission profile is dependent on many factors including but not limited to the aircraft used, payload, route taken, weather conditions. Our results reveal that the airlines’ CO₂ emission profile is not only dependent on the aircraft used and the number of passengers but also the amount of cargo on each flight.     

外国直接投资与环境保护的冲突与融合——兼论我国如何平衡FDI与环境保护的关系

本文首先对外国直接投资与环境保护的关系进行了分析,发现二者事实上是一个矛盾的统一体。在一个国家或地区的不同发展阶段,外国直接投资与环境保护可能存在相互的负面影响,也可能存在相互的正面影响。之后分别从理论和实践两个方面对如何平衡二者的关系提出了一些看法。     

Trends in the technology and economics of air transport

The past half-century of developments in air transport are assessed and the current state of air technology and the economics of air transport assessed, particularly the trends since the 1973 ‘oil crisis’. The role of government in the industry in viewed as critical for its future health.     

石家庄市冬季典型重污染过程分析

为研究石家庄市冬季重污染天气过程的成因及影响因素,对2015-01-07至2015-01-10这一时间段的重污染过程从PM2.5浓度变化、气象条件演变及其对PM2.5浓度的影响、PM2.5与主要气态污染物的相关性、区域性污染传输等方面进行分析。结果表明:此次石家庄市重污染过程是在区域性大气静稳态背景下形成的,地面压力及风场对PM2.5浓度影响较大;石家庄NO2浓度与PM2.5浓度相关性很高,机动车尾气对城市的污染逐渐加剧;SO2浓度与PM2.5浓度相关性高说明燃煤仍是石家庄市重要污染来源;该时间段河北南部城市区间存在污染物区域性传输。     

传统经济增长方式导致环境危机的经济学分析

环境资源是一种公共资源,传统经济增长方式带来了严重的环境污染问题,环境问题严重制约着我国经济增长和发展,因此传统的数量型经济增长方式已难以为继,转变现有的经济增长方式势在必行。从稀缺、欲望、市场机制和资源配置等经济学的重要范畴及其相互关系分析它们与资源环境危机之间的必然逻辑关系,结果表明传统经济学在基础层面上不适合指导人们的经济活动,应当建立新的经济学,把环境资源的稀缺性引入经济系统中,使其逐渐成为经济系统的内生变量,以拓宽经济学的研究视野。     

复杂环境掘进工作面可靠供风技术研究

掘进工作面局部通风管理是煤矿通风安全管理的重要内容之一,尤其是对高瓦斯矿井而言,显得尤为重要和突出,如果系统不合理或管理不好,将会造成停电停风引起瓦斯积存,甚至发生瓦斯爆炸重大事故。本文以李子垭煤矿5102北机巷掘进工作面供风技术为例,从井下实际管理工作出发,对掘进工作面局部通风系统的安全可靠性进行了较为系统的研究分析,并提出了提高局部通风系统安全可靠性的方案措施和管理方法。从根本上防止瓦斯超限,为复杂地质构造、高瓦斯、软煤层中掘进工作面的可靠供风,提供了可以借鉴的经验,具有较高的推广价值。